PHeMoX,
Check out Greg Bahnsen on epistemology:

http://www.monergism.com/directory/link_category/Apologetics/Greg-Bahnsen/

One article entitled "Science, Subjectivity, and Scripture" http://www.cmfnow.com/articles/pa044.htm
hits upon some of the topics we are discussing. He gives a good brief outline of modern philosophers of science and logicians and their conflicting approaches to unify the sciences. This is from a Christian apologetical standpoint. He also has an article exposing and seizing upon the weaknesses of Russell.
The article "Revisionary Immunity" also is an interesting discussion on the failure to make analytic and synthetic distinctions in reasoning.